Software Search For ntsys pc version 2.11t ntsys pc version 2.11t In Title 2.0 Beta 3 Version is a free and completely redesigned command line. Sun raha hai mp3 download female version. Download Ntsys 2.2 Free Download. Ntsys pc version 2.11t Free Download,Ntsys pc version 2.11t Software Collection Download Ntsys pc version 2.11t Free. - Sequential Agglomerative Hierarical Nested Cluster Analysis. Keluar tampilan 'SAHN'. Pada sebelah kanan baris 'Input File' klik 2 kali, lalu pilih data.NTS yang sudah diSimQual sebelumnya. Pada sebelah kanan baris 'Output tree file' diketikkan nama output file kita. Cluster analysis adalah analisis statistika yang bertujuan untuk mengelompokkan data sedemikian sehingga data yang berada dalam kelompok yang sama mempunyai sifat yang relatif homogen daripada data yang berada dalam kelompok yang berbeda. Belajar autocad 2015 untuk pemula pdf. Ditinjau dari hal-hal yang dikelompokkan, cluster analysis dibagi menjadi dua macam, yaitu: 1.
Results 1 - 10 of 627
Molecular evolution and diversity in Bacillus anthracis as detected by amplified fragment length polymorphism markers
'.. anthracis as detected by amplified fragment ..'
Abstract - Cited by 55 (11 self) - Add to MetaCart
(Show Context)2004. Ecological significance of microdiversity: identical 16S rRNA gene sequences can be found in bacteria with highly divergent genomes and ecophysiologies
'.. A combination of cultivation-based methods with a molecular biological approach was used to investigate whether planktonic bacteria with identical 16S rRNA gene sequences can represent distinct eco- and genotypes. A set of 11 strains of Brevundimonas alba were isolated from a bacterial freshwater co ..'
Abstract - Cited by 45 (1 self) - Add to MetaCart A combination of cultivation-based methods with a molecular biological approach was used to investigate whether planktonic bacteria with identical 16S rRNA gene sequences can represent distinct eco- and genotypes. A set of 11 strains of Brevundimonas alba were isolated from a bacterial freshwater community by conventional plating or by using a liquid most-probable-number (MPN) dilution series. These strains had identical 16S rRNA gene sequences and represented the dominant phylotype in the plateable fraction, as well as in the highest positive dilutions of the MPN series. However, internally transcribed spacer and enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus PCR fingerprinting analyses, as well as DNA-DNA hybridization analyses, revealed great genetic diversity among the 11 strains. Each strain utilized a specific combination of 59 carbon substrates, and the niche overlap indices were low, suggesting that each strain occupied a different ecological niche. In dialysis cultures incubated in situ, each strain had a different growth rate and cell yield. We thus demonstrated that the B. alba strains represent distinct populations with genetically determined adaptations and probably occupy different ecological niches. Our results have implications for assessment of the diversity and biogeography of bacteria and increase the perception of natural diversity beyond the level of 16S rRNA gene sequences. Analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequences has become the pri-
(Show Context)Molecular phylogeny, systematics and mor phological character evolution in the Balkan Rissooidea (Cae nogastropoda
'.. Sadleriana, Trichonia, Ventrosia) are discussed and illustrated based on the literature and, where necessary, on the presented additional data. These include shell macrocharacters, protoconch sculpture, soft part morphol-ogy and pigmentation, radulae, stomach, female reproductive organs, male reprod ..'
Abstract - Cited by 13 (6 self) - Add to MetaCart Sadleriana, Trichonia, Ventrosia) are discussed and illustrated based on the literature and, where necessary, on the presented additional data. These include shell macrocharacters, protoconch sculpture, soft part morphol-ogy and pigmentation, radulae, stomach, female reproductive organs, male reproductive organs. Based on partial sequences of the ribosomal 18S RNA gene, a molecular phylogeny is presented for all the genera, and based on fragments of CO1 gene in mitochondrial DNA, for all except six genera. Based on the Adams con-sensus tree the two gene phylogenies are summarised and systematics of the group is proposed. Adrioinsulana is considered a junior synonym of Pseudamnicola; Parabythinella a junior synonym of Marstoniopsis; a new name: Radomaniola n. gen. is proposed as a replacement name for the preoccupied Orientalina. Litthabitella, morpho-logically and molecularly distinct from the hydrobioids, probably belongs to the Assimineidae. Marstoniopsis belongs to the Amnicolidae, Bythinella to Bythinellidae, Lithoglyphus to Lithoglyphidae, Heleobia to Cochlio-pidae, Bithynia and Parabithynia to Bithyniidae, Emmericia to Emmericiidae. Paladilhiopsis and Bythiospeum be-long to the Moitessieriidae, there being no reason for homologising the two genera. All the other genera be-long to the monophyletic family Hydrobiidae, within which two subfamilies can be distinguished: Hydrobiinae and Sadlerianinae. The latter includes mostly very closely related genera, which makes splitting of this subfamily into more groups of this rank unjustified. The phylogeny of the molecular characters is mapped on
Geometric Morphometrics and Phylogeny
'.. This paper reviews some of the important properties of geometric morphometric shape variables and discusses the advantages and limitations of the use of such data in studies of phylogeny. A method for fitting morphometric data to a phylogeny (i.e., estimating ancestral states of the shape variables) ..'
Abstract - Cited by 9 (0 self) - Add to MetaCart This paper reviews some of the important properties of geometric morphometric shape variables and discusses the advantages and limitations of the use of such data in studies of phylogeny. A method for fitting morphometric data to a phylogeny (i.e., estimating ancestral states of the shape variables) is presented using the squared-change parsimony criterion for estimation. These results are then used to illustrate shape change along a phylogeny as a deformation of the shape of any other node on the tree (e.g., the estimated root of the tree). In addition, a method to estimate the digitized image of an ancestor is given that uses averages of unwarped images. An example dataset with 18 wing landmarks for 11 species of mosquitoes is used to illustrate the methods.
Spatial variation in the frequency and intensity of antibiotic interactions among streptomycetes from prairie soil. Appl Environ Microbiol 70: 1051–1058
'.. Antibiotic interactions are believed to be significant to microbial fitness in soil, yet little is known of the frequency, intensity, and diversity of antibiotic inhibition and resistance among indigenous microbes. To begin to address these issues, we studied the abilities of streptomycete isolates ..'
Abstract - Cited by 9 (4 self) - Add to MetaCart Antibiotic interactions are believed to be significant to microbial fitness in soil, yet little is known of the frequency, intensity, and diversity of antibiotic inhibition and resistance among indigenous microbes. To begin to address these issues, we studied the abilities of streptomycete isolates from prairie soil to inhibit growth and display resistance to antibiotics produced by a test collection of 10 streptomycete isolates. Wide variations in antibiotic inhibition and resistance for prairie isolates among three locations and four soil depths within a 1-m2 plot were revealed. Fewer than 10 % of 153 prairie isolates inhibited all 10 test isolates, while more than 40 % of the isolates did not inhibit any of the test isolates. No field isolate was resistant to all of the test isolates, nor was any isolate susceptible to all of the test isolates. No correlation between inhibition and resistance phenotypes was found, suggesting that inhibition and resistance are under independent selection. The signif-icant spatial variation in the frequency and intensity of antibiotic inhibition implies that the fitness benefits of antibiotic production are not the same among locations in soil. In contrast, the consistency of resistance over space indicates that its significance to fitness across locations is stable or the costs of maintaining resistance in the absence of selection are small or nonexistent. The spatial clustering of antibiotic inhibitory activity suggests a variable matrix of selection pressures and microbial responses across the soil landscape. Although antibiotic activity may significantly affect interac-
(Show Context)DArT markers for the rye genomegenetic diversity and mapping. BMC Genomics. doi
'.. ..'
Abstract - Cited by 7 (3 self) - Add to MetaCart
(Show Context)DNA hybridization evidence for the principal lineages of hummingbirds (Aves:Trochilidae
'.. The spectacular evolutionary radiation of hummingbirds (Trochilidae) has served as a model system for many biological studies. To begin to provide a historical context for these investigations, we generated a complete matrix of DNA hybridization distances among 26 hummingbirds and an outgroup swift ..'
Abstract - Cited by 7 (1 self) - Add to MetaCart
The spectacular evolutionary radiation of hummingbirds (Trochilidae) has served as a model system for many biological studies. To begin to provide a historical context for these investigations, we generated a complete matrix of DNA hybridization distances among 26 hummingbirds and an outgroup swift (Chaeturu pelagica) to determine the principal hummingbird lineages. FITCH topologies estimated from symmetrized AT,H-C values and subjected to various validation methods (bootstrapping, weighted jackknifing, branch length significance) indicated a funda-mental split between hermit (Eutoxeres uquilu, Threnetes ruckeri; Phaethornithinae) and nonhermit (Trochilinae) hummingbirds, and provided strong support for six principal nonhermit clades with the following branching order: (1) a predominantly lowland group comprising caribs (Eulumpis holosericeus) and relatives (Androdon uequutoriulis
Molecular fingerprinting of hybrids and assessment of genetic purity of hybrid seeds in rice using microsatellite markers
Ntsys Cluster Analysis Definition
'.. Summary Microsatellite markers were used for fingerprinting of hybrids, assessing variation within parental lines and testing the genetic purity of hybrid seed lot in rice. Ten sequence tagged microsatellite sites (STMS) markers were employed for fingerprinting 11 rice hybrids and their parental li ..'
Abstract - Cited by 6 (0 self) - Add to MetaCart
Summary Microsatellite markers were used for fingerprinting of hybrids, assessing variation within parental lines and testing the genetic purity of hybrid seed lot in rice. Ten sequence tagged microsatellite sites (STMS) markers were employed for fingerprinting 11 rice hybrids and their parental lines. Nine STMS markers were found polymorphic across the hybrids and produced unique fingerprint for the 11 hybrids. A set of four markers (RM 206, RM 216, RM 258 and RM 263) differentiated all the hybrids from each other, which can be used as referral markers for unambiguous identification and protection of these hybrids. Cluster analysis based on Jaccard's similarity coefficient using UP-GMA grouped the hybrids into three clusters. Within the cluster all the hybrids shared a common cytoplasmic male sterile line as female parent. The genetic similarity between the hybrids ranged from 0.33 to 0.92 with an average similarity index of 0.63. The analysis of plant-to-plant variation within the parental lines of the hybrid Pusa RH 10, using informative markers indicated residual heterozygosity at two marker loci. This highlights the importance of STMS markers in maintaining the genetic purity of the parental lines. The unique value of the restorer gene linked marker for testing the genetic purity of hybrid seeds is demonstrated for the first time.
RAPD and ISSR molecular markers in Olea europaea L.: genetic variability and molecular cultivar identification. Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution 54
'.. Thirty Portuguese and eight foreign olive (Olea europaea L.) cultivars were screened using Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and Inter-Simple Sequence Repeat (ISSR) markers. Twenty RAPD primers amplified 301 reproducible bands of which 262 were polymorphic; and 17 ISSR primers amplified 204 ba ..'
Abstract - Cited by 6 (1 self) - Add to MetaCart Thirty Portuguese and eight foreign olive (Olea europaea L.) cultivars were screened using Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and Inter-Simple Sequence Repeat (ISSR) markers. Twenty RAPD primers amplified 301 reproducible bands of which 262 were polymorphic; and 17 ISSR primers amplified 204 bands of which 180 were polymorphic. The percentage of polymorphic bands detected by ISSR and RAPD was similar (88 and 87%, respectively). The genetic variability observed was similar in the Portu-guese and foreign olive cultivars. Seven ISSR and 12 RAPD primers were able to distinguish individually all 38 olive cultivars. Twenty specific molecular markers are now available to be converted into Sequence Characterised Amplified Region (SCAR) markers. Relationships among Portuguese and foreign cultivars is discussed.
(Show Context)
Results 1 - 10 of 627
Molecular evolution and diversity in Bacillus anthracis as detected by amplified fragment length polymorphism markers
'.. anthracis as detected by amplified fragment ..'
Abstract - Cited by 55 (11 self) - Add to MetaCart
(Show Context)2004. Ecological significance of microdiversity: identical 16S rRNA gene sequences can be found in bacteria with highly divergent genomes and ecophysiologies
'.. A combination of cultivation-based methods with a molecular biological approach was used to investigate whether planktonic bacteria with identical 16S rRNA gene sequences can represent distinct eco- and genotypes. A set of 11 strains of Brevundimonas alba were isolated from a bacterial freshwater co ..'
Abstract - Cited by 45 (1 self) - Add to MetaCart A combination of cultivation-based methods with a molecular biological approach was used to investigate whether planktonic bacteria with identical 16S rRNA gene sequences can represent distinct eco- and genotypes. A set of 11 strains of Brevundimonas alba were isolated from a bacterial freshwater community by conventional plating or by using a liquid most-probable-number (MPN) dilution series. These strains had identical 16S rRNA gene sequences and represented the dominant phylotype in the plateable fraction, as well as in the highest positive dilutions of the MPN series. However, internally transcribed spacer and enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus PCR fingerprinting analyses, as well as DNA-DNA hybridization analyses, revealed great genetic diversity among the 11 strains. Each strain utilized a specific combination of 59 carbon substrates, and the niche overlap indices were low, suggesting that each strain occupied a different ecological niche. In dialysis cultures incubated in situ, each strain had a different growth rate and cell yield. We thus demonstrated that the B. alba strains represent distinct populations with genetically determined adaptations and probably occupy different ecological niches. Our results have implications for assessment of the diversity and biogeography of bacteria and increase the perception of natural diversity beyond the level of 16S rRNA gene sequences. Analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequences has become the pri-
(Show Context)Molecular phylogeny, systematics and mor phological character evolution in the Balkan Rissooidea (Cae nogastropoda
'.. Sadleriana, Trichonia, Ventrosia) are discussed and illustrated based on the literature and, where necessary, on the presented additional data. These include shell macrocharacters, protoconch sculpture, soft part morphol-ogy and pigmentation, radulae, stomach, female reproductive organs, male reprod ..'
Abstract - Cited by 13 (6 self) - Add to MetaCart Sadleriana, Trichonia, Ventrosia) are discussed and illustrated based on the literature and, where necessary, on the presented additional data. These include shell macrocharacters, protoconch sculpture, soft part morphol-ogy and pigmentation, radulae, stomach, female reproductive organs, male reproductive organs. Based on partial sequences of the ribosomal 18S RNA gene, a molecular phylogeny is presented for all the genera, and based on fragments of CO1 gene in mitochondrial DNA, for all except six genera. Based on the Adams con-sensus tree the two gene phylogenies are summarised and systematics of the group is proposed. Adrioinsulana is considered a junior synonym of Pseudamnicola; Parabythinella a junior synonym of Marstoniopsis; a new name: Radomaniola n. gen. is proposed as a replacement name for the preoccupied Orientalina. Litthabitella, morpho-logically and molecularly distinct from the hydrobioids, probably belongs to the Assimineidae. Marstoniopsis belongs to the Amnicolidae, Bythinella to Bythinellidae, Lithoglyphus to Lithoglyphidae, Heleobia to Cochlio-pidae, Bithynia and Parabithynia to Bithyniidae, Emmericia to Emmericiidae. Paladilhiopsis and Bythiospeum be-long to the Moitessieriidae, there being no reason for homologising the two genera. All the other genera be-long to the monophyletic family Hydrobiidae, within which two subfamilies can be distinguished: Hydrobiinae and Sadlerianinae. The latter includes mostly very closely related genera, which makes splitting of this subfamily into more groups of this rank unjustified. The phylogeny of the molecular characters is mapped on
Geometric Morphometrics and Phylogeny
'.. This paper reviews some of the important properties of geometric morphometric shape variables and discusses the advantages and limitations of the use of such data in studies of phylogeny. A method for fitting morphometric data to a phylogeny (i.e., estimating ancestral states of the shape variables) ..'
Abstract - Cited by 9 (0 self) - Add to MetaCart This paper reviews some of the important properties of geometric morphometric shape variables and discusses the advantages and limitations of the use of such data in studies of phylogeny. A method for fitting morphometric data to a phylogeny (i.e., estimating ancestral states of the shape variables) is presented using the squared-change parsimony criterion for estimation. These results are then used to illustrate shape change along a phylogeny as a deformation of the shape of any other node on the tree (e.g., the estimated root of the tree). In addition, a method to estimate the digitized image of an ancestor is given that uses averages of unwarped images. An example dataset with 18 wing landmarks for 11 species of mosquitoes is used to illustrate the methods.
Spatial variation in the frequency and intensity of antibiotic interactions among streptomycetes from prairie soil. Appl Environ Microbiol 70: 1051–1058
'.. Antibiotic interactions are believed to be significant to microbial fitness in soil, yet little is known of the frequency, intensity, and diversity of antibiotic inhibition and resistance among indigenous microbes. To begin to address these issues, we studied the abilities of streptomycete isolates ..'
Abstract - Cited by 9 (4 self) - Add to MetaCart Antibiotic interactions are believed to be significant to microbial fitness in soil, yet little is known of the frequency, intensity, and diversity of antibiotic inhibition and resistance among indigenous microbes. To begin to address these issues, we studied the abilities of streptomycete isolates from prairie soil to inhibit growth and display resistance to antibiotics produced by a test collection of 10 streptomycete isolates. Wide variations in antibiotic inhibition and resistance for prairie isolates among three locations and four soil depths within a 1-m2 plot were revealed. Fewer than 10 % of 153 prairie isolates inhibited all 10 test isolates, while more than 40 % of the isolates did not inhibit any of the test isolates. No field isolate was resistant to all of the test isolates, nor was any isolate susceptible to all of the test isolates. No correlation between inhibition and resistance phenotypes was found, suggesting that inhibition and resistance are under independent selection. The signif-icant spatial variation in the frequency and intensity of antibiotic inhibition implies that the fitness benefits of antibiotic production are not the same among locations in soil. In contrast, the consistency of resistance over space indicates that its significance to fitness across locations is stable or the costs of maintaining resistance in the absence of selection are small or nonexistent. The spatial clustering of antibiotic inhibitory activity suggests a variable matrix of selection pressures and microbial responses across the soil landscape. Although antibiotic activity may significantly affect interac-
(Show Context)DArT markers for the rye genomegenetic diversity and mapping. BMC Genomics. doi
'.. ..'
Abstract - Cited by 7 (3 self) - Add to MetaCart
(Show Context)DNA hybridization evidence for the principal lineages of hummingbirds (Aves:Trochilidae
'.. The spectacular evolutionary radiation of hummingbirds (Trochilidae) has served as a model system for many biological studies. To begin to provide a historical context for these investigations, we generated a complete matrix of DNA hybridization distances among 26 hummingbirds and an outgroup swift ..'
Abstract - Cited by 7 (1 self) - Add to MetaCart The spectacular evolutionary radiation of hummingbirds (Trochilidae) has served as a model system for many biological studies. To begin to provide a historical context for these investigations, we generated a complete matrix of DNA hybridization distances among 26 hummingbirds and an outgroup swift (Chaeturu pelagica) to determine the principal hummingbird lineages. FITCH topologies estimated from symmetrized AT,H-C values and subjected to various validation methods (bootstrapping, weighted jackknifing, branch length significance) indicated a funda-mental split between hermit (Eutoxeres uquilu, Threnetes ruckeri; Phaethornithinae) and nonhermit (Trochilinae) hummingbirds, and provided strong support for six principal nonhermit clades with the following branching order: (1) a predominantly lowland group comprising caribs (Eulumpis holosericeus) and relatives (Androdon uequutoriulis
Molecular fingerprinting of hybrids and assessment of genetic purity of hybrid seeds in rice using microsatellite markers
Ntsys Cluster Analysis Definition
'.. Summary Microsatellite markers were used for fingerprinting of hybrids, assessing variation within parental lines and testing the genetic purity of hybrid seed lot in rice. Ten sequence tagged microsatellite sites (STMS) markers were employed for fingerprinting 11 rice hybrids and their parental li ..'
Abstract - Cited by 6 (0 self) - Add to MetaCart Summary Microsatellite markers were used for fingerprinting of hybrids, assessing variation within parental lines and testing the genetic purity of hybrid seed lot in rice. Ten sequence tagged microsatellite sites (STMS) markers were employed for fingerprinting 11 rice hybrids and their parental lines. Nine STMS markers were found polymorphic across the hybrids and produced unique fingerprint for the 11 hybrids. A set of four markers (RM 206, RM 216, RM 258 and RM 263) differentiated all the hybrids from each other, which can be used as referral markers for unambiguous identification and protection of these hybrids. Cluster analysis based on Jaccard's similarity coefficient using UP-GMA grouped the hybrids into three clusters. Within the cluster all the hybrids shared a common cytoplasmic male sterile line as female parent. The genetic similarity between the hybrids ranged from 0.33 to 0.92 with an average similarity index of 0.63. The analysis of plant-to-plant variation within the parental lines of the hybrid Pusa RH 10, using informative markers indicated residual heterozygosity at two marker loci. This highlights the importance of STMS markers in maintaining the genetic purity of the parental lines. The unique value of the restorer gene linked marker for testing the genetic purity of hybrid seeds is demonstrated for the first time.
RAPD and ISSR molecular markers in Olea europaea L.: genetic variability and molecular cultivar identification. Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution 54
'.. Thirty Portuguese and eight foreign olive (Olea europaea L.) cultivars were screened using Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and Inter-Simple Sequence Repeat (ISSR) markers. Twenty RAPD primers amplified 301 reproducible bands of which 262 were polymorphic; and 17 ISSR primers amplified 204 ba ..'
Abstract - Cited by 6 (1 self) - Add to MetaCart Thirty Portuguese and eight foreign olive (Olea europaea L.) cultivars were screened using Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and Inter-Simple Sequence Repeat (ISSR) markers. Twenty RAPD primers amplified 301 reproducible bands of which 262 were polymorphic; and 17 ISSR primers amplified 204 bands of which 180 were polymorphic. The percentage of polymorphic bands detected by ISSR and RAPD was similar (88 and 87%, respectively). The genetic variability observed was similar in the Portu-guese and foreign olive cultivars. Seven ISSR and 12 RAPD primers were able to distinguish individually all 38 olive cultivars. Twenty specific molecular markers are now available to be converted into Sequence Characterised Amplified Region (SCAR) markers. Relationships among Portuguese and foreign cultivars is discussed.
(Show Context)Trophic structure in a large assemblage of phyllostomid bats in
'.. Bats of the family Phyllostomidae are fundamental components of Neotropical mammalian diversity and display the greatest dietary diversity seen in any mammalian family. We studied trophic structure in a species-rich local assemblage of phyllostomids for which dietary data were collected during 10 ye ..'
Abstract - Cited by 5 (0 self) - Add to MetaCart Bats of the family Phyllostomidae are fundamental components of Neotropical mammalian diversity and display the greatest dietary diversity seen in any mammalian family. We studied trophic structure in a species-rich local assemblage of phyllostomids for which dietary data were collected during 10 years on Barro Colorado Island, Panama. Correspondence analysis of /3800 dietary records from 30 syntopic species showed a structure supporting traditional divisions of animalivorous and phytophagous phyllostomids. Putatively omnivorous species actually grouped among the latter. Phytophagous phyllostomids separated into Piper-specialists, Ficus-specialists, and eclectic plant eaters which in turn were the main consumers of flower products. Discrete dietary groups were compatible with several clades of the two current phylogenetic hypotheses of phyllostomids. We show that the trophic structure of the local contemporary assemblage is largely conservative with respect to traceable ancestral habits, strongly suggesting that overall trophic structure was likely determined historically.
Ntsys Cluster Analysis Examples
(Show Context)